HIV can affect the immune system and, in some people, produce noticeable changes in the mouth and on the skin. However, these signs are not unique to HIV. Many ordinary infections and skin conditions can cause similar symptoms, so appearance alone cannot confirm an HIV infection.
One possible oral sign is persistent white patches on the tongue or inside the cheeks. Oral thrush, caused by an overgrowth of Candida, may occur more frequently when the immune system is weakened. The patches can sometimes be difficult to remove and may leave a red or irritated surface.
Other mouth-related changes may include recurring mouth ulcers, unexplained inflammation, painful swallowing, or persistent gum problems. Some people may also experience dry mouth, which can increase the risk of dental complications.
On the skin, HIV-related immune suppression can be associated with recurrent or unusually persistent rashes. These may appear as red, itchy, scaly, or discoloured areas. Some people can also develop shingles, which causes painful clusters of blisters along a nerve pathway.
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